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Behavioral psychology, as a field, has always been intrigued by the etiology the set of causes and manner of causation of a disease or condition of violence. The landmark Italian sentencing came at a time when the social landscape was rife with studies linking genetics to a predisposition to violence, aggression, impulsivity, etc.

Mednick et al. Much of the genes involved in serotonin pathways, such as SCL6A4 , have been studied for their implication in impulsivity and substance abuse. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that has been previously implicated in many functions including mood regulation and firing of the amygdala in the frontal lobe of the brain. For instance, the HTR2B gene encodes one of the several receptors for serotonin. In , Bevilacqua et al found that a codon in the HTR2B mRNA that signaled the termination of translation also known as the stop codon was associated with substance abuse and increased risk of committing impulsive crimes like homicide, arson, etc.

But a lot of research on this topic is complicated since the researchers were unable to prove whether the functional variant of HTR2B , i. And then we also have the MAOA gene, our star-player. The MAOA gene codes for the enzyme monoamine oxidase-A which plays a key role in the breakdown of neurotransmitters such as serotonin. Individuals with defects in the MAOA gene that are associated with a low dopamine turnover rate have been shown to be more prone to aggressive behavior than their counterparts.

Shih JC, The two enzymes preferentially oxidize different substrates and the consequent build-up of particular compounds when one enzyme is knocked-out is the likely reason for MAOA KO mice demonstrating aggressive behavior while the MAOB KO mice do not. A rare point mutation in the MAOA gene that resulted in a total loss of monoamine oxidase-A was found to be associated with the repeated generational incidence of violent criminal behavior among members in a Dutch family Brunner HG et al, Meta-analytical studies have shown significant interactions between the low-functioning variant causing loss or reduced function of the MAOA genotype and childhood difficulties on subsequent antisocial outcomes Byrd et al, However, the biggest study on this matter, which looked at over participants, was once again struck by the difficulty in determining causal direction Haberstick BC et al, It could not establish that MAOA moderated the relationship between abusive childhood and antisocial behavior.

Additionally, most research in this field has been conducted on a sample of only males. Thus, research on the MAOA gene has been fraught with controversy. Around the same time, it had been established that a large proportion of violent crime in developed countries was committed by a relatively small group of antisocial, repeat-offenders. In , Jari Tiilhonen, currently a Professor in the Department of Clinical Neuroscience at the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden, and his colleagues, conducted a pioneering Genome-wide association study GWAS on the genetic predispositions to violent behaviors and repeat offenders in a cohort of Finnish prisoners.

A link to it and some installation programs is available HERE. In time, the source will be posted on Github. MacKichan Software, Inc. This marks the end of sales and support for the MacKichan Software products. All owners of Scientific WorkPlace , Scientific Word , or Scientific Notebook should have a serial number that was included in their purchase.

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